Vorgefundene Konfiguration des OVH EG 2011 Best OF
Erfahrungsbericht zum OVH EG 2011 Best OF unter Debian GNU/Linux
Vorgefundene Systemkonfiguration des OVH EG 2011 Best OF - Erfahrungsbericht zum OVH EG 2011 Best OF unter Debian GNU/Linux.
Contents
Fakeraid
Ein Fakeraid ist bereits eingerichtet und partitioniert. Es existieren zwei identische Festplatten, die zu einem Software-RAID Level 1 (Mirroring) zusammengeschlossen sind. Verwendet wird Linux Software Raid, bzw. die MD-Tools.
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [multipath] [faulty]
md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0]
10485696 blocks [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
1942498240 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
Warum bei OVH sämtliche RAID-Level aktiviert sind ist unklar. Die Standardkonfiguration ist bei Strato sinnvoller: Personalities : [raid1] - höhere RAID-Level machen bei lediglich zwei Festplatte ja keinen Sinn.
Die "Sqeeze"-Kernel sind deutlich frischer als die von "Lenny":
# lsmod | grep md_mod
Opening /proc/modules: No such file or directory
Bei "Lenny" musste man noch das Kernelmodul "md" laden; das sah dann beispielsweise so aus:
# lsmod | grep md_mod
md_mod 80292 3 raid1
Bei "Squeeze" ist die RAID-Funktionalität fest im Kernel integriert und das Modul wird nicht mehr benötigt.
Parameter der eingerichteten Arrays:
# mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Oct 7 01:45:39 2011
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 10485696 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
Used Dev Size : 10485696 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 7 17:38:13 2011
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 0d7b85fe:bef92fce:a4d2adc2:26fd5302
Events : 0.1
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1
1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1
# mdadm --detail /dev/md2
/dev/md2:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Oct 7 01:45:39 2011
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1942498240 (1852.51 GiB 1989.12 GB)
Used Dev Size : 1942498240 (1852.51 GiB 1989.12 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 7 17:05:01 2011
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : dc096e40:632ed664:a4d2adc2:26fd5302
Events : 0.3
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
Konfiguration des Managements des Software-RAID mit mdadm:
# cat /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
# mdadm.conf
#
# Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file.
#
# by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks.
# alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired.
DEVICE partitions
# auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions
CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes
# automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system
HOMEHOST <system>
# instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts
MAILADDR root
# definitions of existing MD arrays
# This file was auto-generated on Thu, 30 Dec 2010 17:36:21 +0100
# by mkconf 3.1.4-1+8efb9d1
Vgl. mdadm.conf(5), md(4), raidtab(5), raid0run(8), raidstop(8) und mkraid(8).
Festplatten
Schnelltest:
# smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
# smartctl -H /dev/sdb
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Ausführlicher Test mit den Smartmontools.
# smartctl -t long /dev/sda
# smartctl -t long /dev/sdb
Nun heißt es 255 Minuten - also rund vier Stunden - warten. Ergebnis:
Erste Platte:
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST32000641AS
Serial Number: 9WM7BWEB
Firmware Version: CC13
User Capacity: 2.000.398.934.016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Fri Oct 7 20:53:12 2011 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 244) Self-test routine in progress...
40% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 609) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 3128509
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 34153
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 27
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 098 000 Old_age Always - 2
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 066 063 045 Old_age Always - 34 (Lifetime Min/Max 32/37)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 034 040 000 Old_age Always - 34 (0 19 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 021 021 000 Old_age Always - 3128509
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 198878460641326
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 2943519135
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 3908938008
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 40% 27 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
Zweite Platte:
smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST32000641AS
Serial Number: 9WM6ZV64
Firmware Version: CC13
User Capacity: 2.000.398.934.016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Fri Oct 7 20:54:05 2011 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 244) Self-test routine in progress...
40% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 609) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 2907914
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 32867
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 27
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 065 050 045 Old_age Always - 35 (Lifetime Min/Max 33/38)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 035 050 000 Old_age Always - 35 (0 18 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 019 019 000 Old_age Always - 2907914
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 93183610454064
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 24415168
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 1767572
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 40% 27 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
Partitionierung
Partitionierung des Massenspeicher-Subsystems bei OVH:
# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/md1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
/dev/md2 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
/dev/sda3 none swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb3 none swap defaults 0 0
Ext4 auf einem Server -hmm, mutig.
Die nackte Debian-Installation belegt rund 620 MB der 10-GB-Partition; für die /home-Partition stehen 1,8 Terabyte zur Verfügung:
Bei Strato fällt die Konfiguration deutlich konservativer aus:
# cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# file system mount point type options dump pass
/dev/md1 / ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/md0 /boot ext2 nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sdb2 none swap sw 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/boot auf Ext2, eine große Partition für den Rest mit Ext3 - das ist weitaus flexibler. Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass die OVH-Admins wissen, was sie tun.
# df -h
Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf
/dev/md1 10G 623M 8,9G 7% /
tmpfs 12G 0 12G 0% /lib/init/rw
udev 10M 208K 9,8M 3% /dev
tmpfs 12G 0 12G 0% /dev/shm
/dev/md2 1,8T 196M 1,8T 1% /home
Das ergibt folgendes Verzeichnislayout:
# ls /
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32 lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var
Die monströse /home-Partition ist für unsere Zwecke vollkommen unbrauchbar, also steht zwingend ein Neuaufsetzen der Grundinstallation an.
Paketquellen
OVH hat die Paketquellen für Debian drastisch abgespeckt und teilweise auf eigene Mirror umgebogen:
# cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze main
deb-src http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze main
deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
Statt des ersten Eintrags könnte man auch direkt auf die Debian-Server zugreifen. Bei den offiziellen Sicherheits-Updates hat OVH den Zweig "non-free" weggelassen. Inoffizielle Quellen oder Backports bindet OVH sinnvollerweise nicht ein.
Kernel
Als laufender Kernel meldet sich der 64-bittige IPv6-Kernel 2.6.38.2-grsec-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64:
# uname --all
Linux ns225163.ovh.net 2.6.38.2-grsec-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 #2 SMP Thu Aug 25 16:40:22 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Besonders aktuell hält OVH seine Installations-Images anscheinend nicht; Paketupdates zum Image am 7. Oktober 2011:
# aptitude update
Hole:1 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release.gpg [836 B]
Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-de
Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-en
Hole:2 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release [38,4 kB]
Hole:3 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main Sources [48,0 kB]
Hole:4 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main amd64 Packages [154 kB]
Hole:5 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze Release.gpg [1.672 B]
Hole:6 http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-de [1.514 kB]
Ign http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-en
Hole:7 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze Release [104 kB]
Hole:8 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze/main Sources [4.539 kB]
Hole:9 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze/main amd64 Packages [6.539 kB]
12,9 MB wurden in 7 s heruntergeladen (1.761 kB/s)
Aktueller Status: 44 Aktualisierungen [+44].
Da wir ein Debian GNU/Linux einsetzen, stellt das Aktualisieren der installierten Pakete keinerlei Problem dar. Hoch lebe apt!
Gebootet wird, wie bei aktuellen Debian-Versionen üblich, über Grub.
Lokalisierung und Internationalisierung
Standardmäßig sind im OVH-Image vier Spracheinstellungen installiert:
de_DE ISO-8859-1
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8
de_DE.UTF-8@euro UTF-8
de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15.
Bei Strato ist dagegen nur die (m.E. ausreichende) Locale de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8 aktiviert.
Zeit
Der Zeit-Dienst ntp ist nicht eingerichtet:
# cat /etc/ntp.conf
cat: /etc/ntp.conf: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden
Mit dpkg-reconfigure tzdata (ehemals tzconfig kann man die Zeitzone ändern; bei Strato war sie standardmäßig auf "Europe/Berlin" gesetzt, während die Server bei OVH nach französischer Zeit laufen:
# cat /etc/timezone
Europe/Paris
Dienste
Laut Debian Runlevel Configuration (rcconf) laufen auf dem frisch eingerichteten Server folgende Dienste:
atd
bind9
bootlogs
fixudev
hddtemp
irqbalance
lvm2
lwresd
mdadm
mdadm-raid
module-init-tools
procps
rsync
rsyslog
smartmontools
ssh
udev
Das ist eine ganze Menge für einen Server, der angeblich "ausschließlich SSH" vorkonfiguriert haben soll. smartmontools und hddtemp sind sinnvolle Entscheidungen, bei bind9 und rsync ist mir nicht so ganz klar, warum diese Daemons unbedingt laufen müssen.
Gegenüber der (schlankeren) Standardkonfiguration von Strato fehlen bei OVH ausserdem u.a. cron und ntp. Wie bei Strato ist auch bei OVH rcconf nicht vorinstalliert.
Wie auch immer, im großen und ganzen findet man auch bei OVH ein relativ sauber abgespecktes Minimalsystem vor.
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Permalink: http://kefk.org/node/60263
Zuletzt bearbeitet: 7. Oktober 2011 - 22:28
Vorgefundene Systemkonfiguration des OVH EG 2011 Best OF - Erfahrungsbericht zum OVH EG 2011 Best OF unter Debian GNU/Linux.
Contents
|
Fakeraid
Ein Fakeraid ist bereits eingerichtet und partitioniert. Es existieren zwei identische Festplatten, die zu einem Software-RAID Level 1 (Mirroring) zusammengeschlossen sind. Verwendet wird Linux Software Raid, bzw. die MD-Tools.
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [multipath] [faulty]
md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0]
10485696 blocks [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
1942498240 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [multipath] [faulty]
md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0]
10485696 blocks [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb2[1] sda2[0]
1942498240 blocks [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
Warum bei OVH sämtliche RAID-Level aktiviert sind ist unklar. Die Standardkonfiguration ist bei Strato sinnvoller: Personalities : [raid1] - höhere RAID-Level machen bei lediglich zwei Festplatte ja keinen Sinn.
Die "Sqeeze"-Kernel sind deutlich frischer als die von "Lenny":
# lsmod | grep md_mod
Opening /proc/modules: No such file or directory
Opening /proc/modules: No such file or directory
Bei "Lenny" musste man noch das Kernelmodul "md" laden; das sah dann beispielsweise so aus:
# lsmod | grep md_mod
md_mod 80292 3 raid1
md_mod 80292 3 raid1
Bei "Squeeze" ist die RAID-Funktionalität fest im Kernel integriert und das Modul wird nicht mehr benötigt.
Parameter der eingerichteten Arrays:
# mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Oct 7 01:45:39 2011
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 10485696 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
Used Dev Size : 10485696 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 7 17:38:13 2011
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 0d7b85fe:bef92fce:a4d2adc2:26fd5302
Events : 0.1
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1
1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1
# mdadm --detail /dev/md2
/dev/md2:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Oct 7 01:45:39 2011
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1942498240 (1852.51 GiB 1989.12 GB)
Used Dev Size : 1942498240 (1852.51 GiB 1989.12 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 7 17:05:01 2011
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : dc096e40:632ed664:a4d2adc2:26fd5302
Events : 0.3
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
/dev/md1:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Oct 7 01:45:39 2011
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 10485696 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
Used Dev Size : 10485696 (10.00 GiB 10.74 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 7 17:38:13 2011
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 0d7b85fe:bef92fce:a4d2adc2:26fd5302
Events : 0.1
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1
1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1
# mdadm --detail /dev/md2
/dev/md2:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Fri Oct 7 01:45:39 2011
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1942498240 (1852.51 GiB 1989.12 GB)
Used Dev Size : 1942498240 (1852.51 GiB 1989.12 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 7 17:05:01 2011
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : dc096e40:632ed664:a4d2adc2:26fd5302
Events : 0.3
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
Konfiguration des Managements des Software-RAID mit mdadm:
# cat /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
# mdadm.conf
#
# Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file.
#
# by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks.
# alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired.
DEVICE partitions
# auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions
CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes
# automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system
HOMEHOST <system>
# instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts
MAILADDR root
# definitions of existing MD arrays
# This file was auto-generated on Thu, 30 Dec 2010 17:36:21 +0100
# by mkconf 3.1.4-1+8efb9d1
# mdadm.conf
#
# Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file.
#
# by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks.
# alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired.
DEVICE partitions
# auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions
CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes
# automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system
HOMEHOST <system>
# instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts
MAILADDR root
# definitions of existing MD arrays
# This file was auto-generated on Thu, 30 Dec 2010 17:36:21 +0100
# by mkconf 3.1.4-1+8efb9d1
Vgl. mdadm.conf(5), md(4), raidtab(5), raid0run(8), raidstop(8) und mkraid(8).
Festplatten
Schnelltest:
# smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
# smartctl -H /dev/sdb
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
# smartctl -H /dev/sdb
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
Ausführlicher Test mit den Smartmontools.
# smartctl -t long /dev/sda
# smartctl -t long /dev/sdb
Nun heißt es 255 Minuten - also rund vier Stunden - warten. Ergebnis:
Erste Platte:
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST32000641AS
Serial Number: 9WM7BWEB
Firmware Version: CC13
User Capacity: 2.000.398.934.016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Fri Oct 7 20:53:12 2011 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 244) Self-test routine in progress...
40% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 609) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 3128509
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 34153
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 27
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 098 000 Old_age Always - 2
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 066 063 045 Old_age Always - 34 (Lifetime Min/Max 32/37)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 034 040 000 Old_age Always - 34 (0 19 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 021 021 000 Old_age Always - 3128509
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 198878460641326
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 2943519135
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 3908938008
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 40% 27 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST32000641AS
Serial Number: 9WM7BWEB
Firmware Version: CC13
User Capacity: 2.000.398.934.016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Fri Oct 7 20:53:12 2011 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 244) Self-test routine in progress...
40% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 609) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 3128509
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 34153
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 27
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 098 000 Old_age Always - 2
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 066 063 045 Old_age Always - 34 (Lifetime Min/Max 32/37)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 034 040 000 Old_age Always - 34 (0 19 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 021 021 000 Old_age Always - 3128509
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 198878460641326
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 2943519135
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 3908938008
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 40% 27 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
Zweite Platte:
smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST32000641AS
Serial Number: 9WM6ZV64
Firmware Version: CC13
User Capacity: 2.000.398.934.016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Fri Oct 7 20:54:05 2011 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 244) Self-test routine in progress...
40% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 609) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 2907914
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 32867
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 27
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 065 050 045 Old_age Always - 35 (Lifetime Min/Max 33/38)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 035 050 000 Old_age Always - 35 (0 18 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 019 019 000 Old_age Always - 2907914
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 93183610454064
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 24415168
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 1767572
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 40% 27 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST32000641AS
Serial Number: 9WM6ZV64
Firmware Version: CC13
User Capacity: 2.000.398.934.016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Fri Oct 7 20:54:05 2011 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 244) Self-test routine in progress...
40% of test remaining.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 609) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 2907914
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 32867
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 27
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 10
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 065 050 045 Old_age Always - 35 (Lifetime Min/Max 33/38)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 10
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 035 050 000 Old_age Always - 35 (0 18 0 0)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 019 019 000 Old_age Always - 2907914
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 93183610454064
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 24415168
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 1767572
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Self-test routine in progress 40% 27 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 2 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
Partitionierung
Partitionierung des Massenspeicher-Subsystems bei OVH:
# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/md1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
/dev/md2 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
/dev/sda3 none swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb3 none swap defaults 0 0
/dev/md1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
/dev/md2 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
/dev/sda3 none swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb3 none swap defaults 0 0
Ext4 auf einem Server -hmm, mutig.
Die nackte Debian-Installation belegt rund 620 MB der 10-GB-Partition; für die /home-Partition stehen 1,8 Terabyte zur Verfügung:
Bei Strato fällt die Konfiguration deutlich konservativer aus:
# cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# file system mount point type options dump pass
/dev/md1 / ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/md0 /boot ext2 nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sdb2 none swap sw 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# file system mount point type options dump pass
/dev/md1 / ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/md0 /boot ext2 nosuid,nodev 0 2
/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sdb2 none swap sw 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/boot auf Ext2, eine große Partition für den Rest mit Ext3 - das ist weitaus flexibler. Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass die OVH-Admins wissen, was sie tun.
# df -h
Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf
/dev/md1 10G 623M 8,9G 7% /
tmpfs 12G 0 12G 0% /lib/init/rw
udev 10M 208K 9,8M 3% /dev
tmpfs 12G 0 12G 0% /dev/shm
/dev/md2 1,8T 196M 1,8T 1% /home
Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf
/dev/md1 10G 623M 8,9G 7% /
tmpfs 12G 0 12G 0% /lib/init/rw
udev 10M 208K 9,8M 3% /dev
tmpfs 12G 0 12G 0% /dev/shm
/dev/md2 1,8T 196M 1,8T 1% /home
Das ergibt folgendes Verzeichnislayout:
# ls /
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32 lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32 lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var
Die monströse /home-Partition ist für unsere Zwecke vollkommen unbrauchbar, also steht zwingend ein Neuaufsetzen der Grundinstallation an.
Paketquellen
OVH hat die Paketquellen für Debian drastisch abgespeckt und teilweise auf eigene Mirror umgebogen:
# cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze main
deb-src http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze main
deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze main
deb-src http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze main
deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
Statt des ersten Eintrags könnte man auch direkt auf die Debian-Server zugreifen. Bei den offiziellen Sicherheits-Updates hat OVH den Zweig "non-free" weggelassen. Inoffizielle Quellen oder Backports bindet OVH sinnvollerweise nicht ein.
Kernel
Als laufender Kernel meldet sich der 64-bittige IPv6-Kernel 2.6.38.2-grsec-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64:
# uname --all
Linux ns225163.ovh.net 2.6.38.2-grsec-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 #2 SMP Thu Aug 25 16:40:22 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Linux ns225163.ovh.net 2.6.38.2-grsec-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 #2 SMP Thu Aug 25 16:40:22 UTC 2011 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Besonders aktuell hält OVH seine Installations-Images anscheinend nicht; Paketupdates zum Image am 7. Oktober 2011:
# aptitude update
Hole:1 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release.gpg [836 B]
Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-de
Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-en
Hole:2 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release [38,4 kB]
Hole:3 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main Sources [48,0 kB]
Hole:4 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main amd64 Packages [154 kB]
Hole:5 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze Release.gpg [1.672 B]
Hole:6 http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-de [1.514 kB]
Ign http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-en
Hole:7 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze Release [104 kB]
Hole:8 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze/main Sources [4.539 kB]
Hole:9 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze/main amd64 Packages [6.539 kB]
12,9 MB wurden in 7 s heruntergeladen (1.761 kB/s)
Aktueller Status: 44 Aktualisierungen [+44].
Hole:1 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release.gpg [836 B]
Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-de
Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-en
Hole:2 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release [38,4 kB]
Hole:3 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main Sources [48,0 kB]
Hole:4 http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main amd64 Packages [154 kB]
Hole:5 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze Release.gpg [1.672 B]
Hole:6 http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-de [1.514 kB]
Ign http://mirror.ovh.net/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-en
Hole:7 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze Release [104 kB]
Hole:8 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze/main Sources [4.539 kB]
Hole:9 http://mirror.ovh.net squeeze/main amd64 Packages [6.539 kB]
12,9 MB wurden in 7 s heruntergeladen (1.761 kB/s)
Aktueller Status: 44 Aktualisierungen [+44].
Da wir ein Debian GNU/Linux einsetzen, stellt das Aktualisieren der installierten Pakete keinerlei Problem dar. Hoch lebe apt!
Gebootet wird, wie bei aktuellen Debian-Versionen üblich, über Grub.
Lokalisierung und Internationalisierung
Standardmäßig sind im OVH-Image vier Spracheinstellungen installiert:
de_DE ISO-8859-1
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8
de_DE.UTF-8@euro UTF-8
de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15
de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8
de_DE.UTF-8@euro UTF-8
de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15
Bei Strato ist dagegen nur die (m.E. ausreichende) Locale de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8 aktiviert.
Zeit
Der Zeit-Dienst ntp ist nicht eingerichtet:
# cat /etc/ntp.conf
cat: /etc/ntp.conf: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden
cat: /etc/ntp.conf: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden
Mit dpkg-reconfigure tzdata (ehemals tzconfig kann man die Zeitzone ändern; bei Strato war sie standardmäßig auf "Europe/Berlin" gesetzt, während die Server bei OVH nach französischer Zeit laufen:
# cat /etc/timezone
Europe/Paris
Europe/Paris
Dienste
Laut Debian Runlevel Configuration (rcconf) laufen auf dem frisch eingerichteten Server folgende Dienste:
atd
bind9
bootlogs
fixudev
hddtemp
irqbalance
lvm2
lwresd
mdadm
mdadm-raid
module-init-tools
procps
rsync
rsyslog
smartmontools
ssh
udev
bind9
bootlogs
fixudev
hddtemp
irqbalance
lvm2
lwresd
mdadm
mdadm-raid
module-init-tools
procps
rsync
rsyslog
smartmontools
ssh
udev
Das ist eine ganze Menge für einen Server, der angeblich "ausschließlich SSH" vorkonfiguriert haben soll. smartmontools und hddtemp sind sinnvolle Entscheidungen, bei bind9 und rsync ist mir nicht so ganz klar, warum diese Daemons unbedingt laufen müssen.
Gegenüber der (schlankeren) Standardkonfiguration von Strato fehlen bei OVH ausserdem u.a. cron und ntp. Wie bei Strato ist auch bei OVH rcconf nicht vorinstalliert.
Wie auch immer, im großen und ganzen findet man auch bei OVH ein relativ sauber abgespecktes Minimalsystem vor.
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Permalink: http://kefk.org/node/60263
Zuletzt bearbeitet: 7. Oktober 2011 - 22:28
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